La teoría de la programación fetal y el efecto de la ansiedad materna durante el embarazo en el neurodesarrollo infantil
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2007-12-01
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Olza Fernández, I., & Gainza Tejedor, I. (2007). La teoría de la programación fetal y el efecto de la ansiedad materna durante el embarazo en el neurodesarrollo infantil. Revista De Psiquiatría Infanto-Juvenil, 24(2, 3 y 4), 176–180. Recuperado a partir de https://www.aepnya.eu/index.php/revistaaepnya/article/view/98
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Artículo de revisión
Palabras clave:
Ansiedad materna, estrés prenatal, neurodesarrollo infantilResumen
Desde la antigüedad se pensaba que el estado emocional de la madre embarazada podía afectar al feto1. De hecho la mayoría de las embarazadas intuyen que su estado anímico influye en su bebé y cuando están estresadas suelen manifestar su preocupación por como afectará su nerviosismo al bebé. La hipótesis de que la ansiedad o el estrés materno durante el embarazo afectan al neurodesarrollo del bebé es antigua, pero sólo recientemente se han realizado estudios lo suficientemente amplios para contrastarla. En las dos últimas décadas una serie de estudios han permitido avanzar en la comprensión de los mecanismos por los que se produce dicho efecto. Los hallazgos han producido un cambio significativo en la psiquiatría perinatal, ya que si durante décadas se prestó mucha atención a los efectos de la depresión posparto en el desarrollo del lactante ahora se ha visto que el efecto de la ansiedad materna en el embarazo probablemente sea mucho más grave y duradero en el bebé de lo que se pensaba y sus efectos sobre el neurodesarrollo más severos que los de la depresión posparto. Diversos estudios han confirmado que el estrés materno durante el período fetal puede condicionar el desarrollo emocional y conductual del niño incluso hasta el inicio de la edad adulta.
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2. Weinstock, M. (2001) Alterations induced by gestational stress in brain morphology and behaviour of the offspring. Progress in Neurobiology, 65, 427-451.
3. Deminiere, J.M., Piazza, P.V., Guegan, G., Abrous, N., Maccari, S., Le Moal, M., & Simon, H. (1992). Increased locomotor response to novelty and propensity to intravenous amphetamine self-stimulation in adult offspring of stressed mothers. Brain Research, 586: 135-139.
4. Clarke AS, Wittwer DJ, Abbott DH, Sxchneider ML. Long term effects of prenatal stress on HPA axis axtivity in juvenile rhesus monkeys. Dev Psychobiol 1994; 227:257-69.
5. Clarke AS, Schneider ML. Prenatl stress has long term effects on behavioural responses to stress in juvenile rhesus monkeys. Dev Psychobiol 1993; 26; 293-304.
6. Schneider M, Moore CF, Roberts A D, et al (2001) Prenatal stress alters early neurobehaviour, stress reactivity and learning in non-human primates: a brief review. Stress, 4, 183-193.
7. Nepomnaschy PA, McConnell D, Welch K, Strassmann BI, Low BS, England BG. Cortisol levels and very early pregnancy loss in humans. PNAS.2006; 103: 3938-3942.
8. Hansen D, Lou HC y Olsen J. (2000) Serious life events and congenital malformations: a national study with complete follow-up. Lancet, 356, 875-880.
9. Hedegaard M, Henriksen TB, Sabroe S, et al (1993) Psychological distress in pregnancy and preterm delivery. BMJ, 307, 235-239.
10. Lou HC, Hansen D, Nordentoft M et al (1994) Prenatal stressors of human life affect fetal brain development. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 36, 826-832.
11. Di Pietro JA, Hodgson DM, Costigan KA, Johnson TR. 1996. Fetal antecedents of infant temperament. Cgild Development, 67, 2568-2583.
12. Van den Bergh B, Mulder E, Mennes M, Glover V Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: links and possible mechanisms. A review.Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005 Apr;29(2):237-58.
13. Van den Bergh BRH. Maternal emotions during pregnancy and fetal and neonatal behaviour. In: Nijhuis Jg, editor. Fetal behaviour, developmental and perinatal aspects. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992, p.157-78.
14. Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Schanberg S, Kuhn C, Yando R, Bendell D. Pregnancy anxiety and comorbid depression and anger: effects on the fetus and neonate. Depress Anxiety 2003;17(3):140-51.
15. Buitelaar Jk, Huizink AC, Mulder EJ, Robles de Medina PG, Visser GHA.(2003) “Prenatal stress and cognitive development and temperament in infants” Neurobiologgy og aging, S53-S60.
16. Guteling BM, Weerth C, Buitelarar JK. “The effects of prenatal stress on endocrinological reactions of children on stressful situations” Poster presented at the ESCAP Conference, Paris September 2003.
17. O'Connor TG, Heron J, Golding J et al (2002) Maternal antenatal anxiety and children's behavioural/emotional problems at 4 years. Report from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. British Journal of Psychiatry, in press.
18. O'Connor T, Heron J, Golding J, Glover V. Maternal antenatal anxiety and behavioural/emotional problems in children: a test of a programming hypothesis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2003 Oct;44(7):1025-36.
19. Glover V, O'Connor T, Heron J, Golding J. Antenatal maternal anxiety is linked with atypical handedness in the child. Early Hum Dev 2004 Sep;79(2):107-18.
20. Gitau R, Fisk, NM, Cameron A, Teixeira J, Glover V, 2001. Fetal HPA stress responses to invasive procedures are independant of maternal responses. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 104-109.
21. Van den Bergh B, Mennes M, Oosterlaan J, Stevens V, Stiers P, Marcoen A, Lagae L. High antenatal maternal anxiety is related to impulsivity during performance on cognitive tasks in 14- and 15-yearolds. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005 Apr;29(2):259-69.
22. Glover V, O'Connor TG. Effects of antenatal stress and anxiety: Implications for development and psychiatry.Br J Psychiatry. 2002 May;180:389-91.
23. Huizink A, Mulder E, Robles de Medina P, Visser G, Buitelaar J. Is pregnancy anxiety a distinctive syndrome? Early Hum Dev 2004 Sep;79(2):81-91.
24. Andersson L, Sundström-Poromaa I, Wulff M, Aström M, Bixo M.Implications of antenatal depression and anxiety for obstetric outcome Obstet Gynecol 2004 Sep;104(3):467-76.
25. Johnson R, Slade P. Obstetric complications and anxiety during pregnancy: is there a relationship? J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2003 Mar;24(1):1-14.
26. Sutter-Dallay A, Giaconne-Marcesche V, Glatigny-Dallay E, Verdoux HWomen with anxiety disorders during pregnancy are at increased risk of intense postnatal depressive symptoms: a prospective survey of the MATQUID cohort. Eur Psychiatry 2004 Dec;19(8):459-63.
27. Heron J, O'Connor T, Evans J, Golding J, Glover V. The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample. J Affect Disord 2004 May;80(1):65-73.
28. Bergman, N. Kangaroo-Mother Care: Restoring the Original Paradigm for Infant Care and Breastfeeding.
29. Metodo Madre Canguro. Organización Mundial de la Salud, 2004.
2. Weinstock, M. (2001) Alterations induced by gestational stress in brain morphology and behaviour of the offspring. Progress in Neurobiology, 65, 427-451.
3. Deminiere, J.M., Piazza, P.V., Guegan, G., Abrous, N., Maccari, S., Le Moal, M., & Simon, H. (1992). Increased locomotor response to novelty and propensity to intravenous amphetamine self-stimulation in adult offspring of stressed mothers. Brain Research, 586: 135-139.
4. Clarke AS, Wittwer DJ, Abbott DH, Sxchneider ML. Long term effects of prenatal stress on HPA axis axtivity in juvenile rhesus monkeys. Dev Psychobiol 1994; 227:257-69.
5. Clarke AS, Schneider ML. Prenatl stress has long term effects on behavioural responses to stress in juvenile rhesus monkeys. Dev Psychobiol 1993; 26; 293-304.
6. Schneider M, Moore CF, Roberts A D, et al (2001) Prenatal stress alters early neurobehaviour, stress reactivity and learning in non-human primates: a brief review. Stress, 4, 183-193.
7. Nepomnaschy PA, McConnell D, Welch K, Strassmann BI, Low BS, England BG. Cortisol levels and very early pregnancy loss in humans. PNAS.2006; 103: 3938-3942.
8. Hansen D, Lou HC y Olsen J. (2000) Serious life events and congenital malformations: a national study with complete follow-up. Lancet, 356, 875-880.
9. Hedegaard M, Henriksen TB, Sabroe S, et al (1993) Psychological distress in pregnancy and preterm delivery. BMJ, 307, 235-239.
10. Lou HC, Hansen D, Nordentoft M et al (1994) Prenatal stressors of human life affect fetal brain development. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 36, 826-832.
11. Di Pietro JA, Hodgson DM, Costigan KA, Johnson TR. 1996. Fetal antecedents of infant temperament. Cgild Development, 67, 2568-2583.
12. Van den Bergh B, Mulder E, Mennes M, Glover V Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: links and possible mechanisms. A review.Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005 Apr;29(2):237-58.
13. Van den Bergh BRH. Maternal emotions during pregnancy and fetal and neonatal behaviour. In: Nijhuis Jg, editor. Fetal behaviour, developmental and perinatal aspects. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992, p.157-78.
14. Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Schanberg S, Kuhn C, Yando R, Bendell D. Pregnancy anxiety and comorbid depression and anger: effects on the fetus and neonate. Depress Anxiety 2003;17(3):140-51.
15. Buitelaar Jk, Huizink AC, Mulder EJ, Robles de Medina PG, Visser GHA.(2003) “Prenatal stress and cognitive development and temperament in infants” Neurobiologgy og aging, S53-S60.
16. Guteling BM, Weerth C, Buitelarar JK. “The effects of prenatal stress on endocrinological reactions of children on stressful situations” Poster presented at the ESCAP Conference, Paris September 2003.
17. O'Connor TG, Heron J, Golding J et al (2002) Maternal antenatal anxiety and children's behavioural/emotional problems at 4 years. Report from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. British Journal of Psychiatry, in press.
18. O'Connor T, Heron J, Golding J, Glover V. Maternal antenatal anxiety and behavioural/emotional problems in children: a test of a programming hypothesis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2003 Oct;44(7):1025-36.
19. Glover V, O'Connor T, Heron J, Golding J. Antenatal maternal anxiety is linked with atypical handedness in the child. Early Hum Dev 2004 Sep;79(2):107-18.
20. Gitau R, Fisk, NM, Cameron A, Teixeira J, Glover V, 2001. Fetal HPA stress responses to invasive procedures are independant of maternal responses. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 104-109.
21. Van den Bergh B, Mennes M, Oosterlaan J, Stevens V, Stiers P, Marcoen A, Lagae L. High antenatal maternal anxiety is related to impulsivity during performance on cognitive tasks in 14- and 15-yearolds. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005 Apr;29(2):259-69.
22. Glover V, O'Connor TG. Effects of antenatal stress and anxiety: Implications for development and psychiatry.Br J Psychiatry. 2002 May;180:389-91.
23. Huizink A, Mulder E, Robles de Medina P, Visser G, Buitelaar J. Is pregnancy anxiety a distinctive syndrome? Early Hum Dev 2004 Sep;79(2):81-91.
24. Andersson L, Sundström-Poromaa I, Wulff M, Aström M, Bixo M.Implications of antenatal depression and anxiety for obstetric outcome Obstet Gynecol 2004 Sep;104(3):467-76.
25. Johnson R, Slade P. Obstetric complications and anxiety during pregnancy: is there a relationship? J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2003 Mar;24(1):1-14.
26. Sutter-Dallay A, Giaconne-Marcesche V, Glatigny-Dallay E, Verdoux HWomen with anxiety disorders during pregnancy are at increased risk of intense postnatal depressive symptoms: a prospective survey of the MATQUID cohort. Eur Psychiatry 2004 Dec;19(8):459-63.
27. Heron J, O'Connor T, Evans J, Golding J, Glover V. The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample. J Affect Disord 2004 May;80(1):65-73.
28. Bergman, N. Kangaroo-Mother Care: Restoring the Original Paradigm for Infant Care and Breastfeeding.
29. Metodo Madre Canguro. Organización Mundial de la Salud, 2004.
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